top 18 mechanical properties of engineering materials

what are mechanical properties of engineering materials

Introductionto Mechanical properties of materials:

What are materials and their material properties is of great significance for a design engineer. Material properties Mechanical,The machine elements should be made of such material which has properties suitable for the conditions of operation.In addition to this, a design engineer gtu must be familiar with the effects which the manufacturing processes and heat treatment have on the properties of the materials.now to find out what material properties and what's the effects on engineering components,also discuss their properties in the machine Design.
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials can also following below ...
Physical Properties of Materials.
Chemical Properties of Materials.
Thermal Properties of Materials.
Electrical Properties of Materials.
Magnetic Properties of Materials.
Optical Properties of Materials.
Mechanical Properties of Material.

 
In this article discuss about Mechanical engineering properties and it's importance.
Classification of Materials Engineering properties:
The engineering materials are mainly classified as : 

1. Metals
  their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminium, etc.
2. Non-metals,
such as glass, rubber, plas etc.

 
Now discuss about what is metal and their classification.The metals may be further
classified as:
(a) Ferrous metals, and (b) Non-ferrous metals.
1.What is mean by ferrous?
Ans.The "ferrous metals are those which have the iron as their main constituent,such as cast iron, wrought iron and steel.

 
2.Define Non ferrous metals?
Ans.The non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as their main constituent, such as copper, aluminium, brass, tin, zinc, etc.
3rd key point is Selection of Materials for Engineering Purposes
The selection of a proper material, for engineering purposes, is one of the most difficult problem for the designer. The best material is one which serve the desired objective at the minimum cost.

 
 The following factors should be considered while selecting the material:
1. Availability of the materials
2. Suitability of the materials for the working
conditions in service
 3. The cost of the materials.

Physical Mechanical Properties of Metals: metal have own their properties or physical properties of the metals include :
1)luster
2)colour
Colour is also properties of materials because of identity of materials different for all material.
3)size
Size is the
4)shape
5)density
6) electrical
7)thermal conductivity
8)melting point

Mechanical Properties of materials or metals:
The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load. These mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stiffness, elasticity,plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep and hardness. We shall now discuss these properties as follows:

 
1. Strength. It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force is called stress. 

2. Stiffness. It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

 
3. Elasticity. It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. This property is desirable for materials used in tools and machines. It may be noted that steel is more elastic than rubber.

 
4. Plasticity. It is property of a material which retains the deformationproduced under load permanently. This property of the material is necessary or forgings, in stamping images on coins and in ornamental work.If a material does not retain the original shape after removal of lond a known and plasticity.Due to this property metals are deformed(without fracture) required shape Plasticity is important phenomenon forging operation.

5. Ductility. It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. The ductile material commonly used in engineering practice in order of diminishing ductility)
are mild steel, copper, aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.

 
6. Brittleness. It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of breaking of a material with little permanent distortion. Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap off without giving any sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.
7. Malleability. Is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to be so strong. The malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice (in order of diminishing malleability) are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminium.

 
8. Toughness. It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like hammer blows. The toughness of the material decreases when it is heated. It is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being stressed upto the point of fracture. This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads.

 
9. Machinability. It is the property of a material which refers to a relative ca.se with which material can be cut. The machinability of a material can be measured in a number of ways such as comparing the tool life for cutting different materials or thrust required to remove the material at some given rate or the energy required to remove a unit volume of the material. It may be noted that brass can be easily machined than steel.

 
10. Resilience. It is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads. It is measured by the amount of energy bsorbed per unit volume within elastic limit. This property is essential for spring materials.

 
11. Creep. When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep. This property is considered in designing internal combustion engines, boilers and turbines.

 
12. Fatigue. When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such type of failure of a material is known as * fatigue. The failure is caused by means of a progressive crack formation which are usually fine and of microscopic size. This property is considered in designing shafts, connecting rods, springs,
gears, etc.

13.Hardness. It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide variety of meanings. It embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching, deformation and machinability etc. It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.

14.Strength:
Strength is defined as the ability of a material that can withstand to mechanical load or thatcan resist the time .The strength of materials Varies according to the type of lading operation.

 
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